I don't think XCF stores any data of applied filters, but I can't swear this.
You can save as many pre-configured settings as you want. My tactic (sometimes) is to create saved settings with logical titles, and after applying it, I add it to the layer name/attributes. Separated with commas or inside brackets, what ever you like to use.
If you're looking a way to apply easily same multiple filters/effects, I recommend checking out G'mic and Bimp plug-ins.
Even if there was a way to read XCF image/layer data outside Gimp, you would still have the problem of "pixel reality".
After applying an effect on image, undo (or copy of original) is the only way to return to the starting point. Otherwise it would be just doubling the same effect.
That's the difference with vectors (Inkscape) and pixels (Gimp).
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