If you would do this the pixel art way, you would have to put those big pixels at first manually in order to create the seamless pattern you want then automatically repeat this pattern along the image. But in our case it is not even a strictly repeated pattern, it just respects the dissolving concept which is to make a shape be more and more fragmented, if you "read" the picture vertically you'll notice how this dissolving is made, the more you climb, the more you fragment.
There may be a filter for this but as it is not the way I use dithering (dithering is of little use within the digital truecolor art where zillions colors live

) I know nothing more about..